Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. 41, no. Currently, thermochemical processes for agricultural biomass to energy transformation seem promising and feasible. Syngas has multiple applications such as fuel cells, synthetic fuel, and chemical feedstocks. Thermochemical techniques are being operated for the complete conversion of diverse biomasses to biofuels. 10031006, 2009. 259266, 1994. Energy Fuels 635640, Agblevor FA, Besler-Guran S (2002) Fractional pyrolysis of biomass for high-valued products. However, these initiatives of biomass pyrolysis for sustainable development will require subsidies and technology transfer for a successful venture. Mohan et al. 14, pp. 4357, 1983. 52225228, 2010. Furthermore, high speed rotating cone (~600rpm) may require considerable attention for operation and mechanical wear. However, increasing competition from other biofuels, and fossil crude oil, other potential concepts for fast pyrolysis involving lesser energy requirement and ability to use waste biomass are also getting increased attention. 100, no. J. A. Demirba, Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. Correspondence to Home News Haiqi Biomass Gasifier Corn biomass thermochemical conversion. 3, pp. Elsevier, New York, pp 265349, Hernandez AM, Labady M, Laine J (2014) Granular activated carbon from wood originated from tropical virgin forest. 20, no. 16, pp. 1-2, pp. 7, pp. The animal farming requires animal feed (e.g., about 6 to 7 times plant biomass per unit mass of animal meat) and generates significant amounts of manure as farm wastes [112]. The overall efficiency and the commercial success of these thermochemical processes are contingent upon well-designed and 7, pp. Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA, Department of Engineering and Aviation Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA. 16231627, 2004. D. A. Johnson, D. Maclean, J. Feller, J. Diebold, and H. L. Chum, Developments in the scale-up of the vortex-pyrolysis system, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. Because of variety of biomass species with numerous physical and chemical properties, conversion of biomass feedstocks into bioenergy and bio-based products involves a broad diversity of existing and emerging pre-treatment and conversion technologies. Thus, the product gains much higher energy density than the raw biomass, which lowers the transportation cost of the carbonized biomass. Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, Lappas AA, Samolada MC, Iatridis DK, Voutetakis SS, Vasalos IA (2002) Biomass pyrolysis in a circulating fluid bed reactor for the production of fuels and chemicals. The advantage of this technology is the absence of inert/carrier gas, thereby, relatively smaller energy requirement. 70637073, 2008. In addition to that environmental impacts of the products were also spotlighted. 85, no. 2, pp. Schematic of recirculating fluidized bed pyrolyzer. This paper intends to explore the physical and chemical characteristics of biofuel substitutes of fossil fuels, potential biomass sources, and process parameters for thermochemical conversion. However, the complexity of agricultural biomass and factors (such as moisture, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and metal contents) makes it a challenging task [10, 1317]. [44] have correlated ablative pyrolysis to enhanced melting of a butter cube while pressing against a hot surface. 1-2, pp. 1, pp. In brief, a methane digester could be a very attractive solution for handling cattle manure; however, in cold climatic conditions, sensitivity of anaerobic fermentation and secondary waste from digestion process can be huge setbacks [7, 8]. The gaseous fraction of pyrolysis vapor is, in general, referred to as pyrolysis gas, flue gas, and noncondensable pyrolysis gas. S. Yaman, Pyrolysis of biomass to produce fuels and chemical feedstocks, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. harvesting and advantages over conventional biomass E. Chornet and R. P. Overend, Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Academic Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985. The bio-oil yield of recirculating bed reactors is also similar to fluidized bed reactors but reheating of sand/carrier particles requires combustion of entrapped char which may lead to ash build up in the circulating bed. Practices and Perspectives in Sustainable Bioenergy pp 159194Cite as, Part of the Green Energy and Technology book series (GREEN). Science 310:12381240, Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006) Atmospheric chemistry and physicsfrom air pollution to climate change. 230237, 2006. Physicochemical composition of product liquid, Energy and Fuels, vol. The above views and facts are based on the results of several authors [54, 55] which reported a reduction of 50100% of CH4 and N2O as well as increase in efficiency of fertilizer utilization in soil amended with biochar. Chem Eng Sci 51:11211132, Di Blasi C et al (1999) Product distribution from pyrolysis of wood and agricultural residues. Biomass Bioenergy 33:316326, Couhert C et al (2009b) Is it possible to predict gas yields of any biomass after rapid pyrolysis at high temperature from its composition in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin? HWmo),F.F&vM$^]wflygf8KBJe=yg[Y57Zc)4w.8oDg,i":z"kF\I!to?p*BS6}bJ2fW:FRq#q[$]}G;Na7CWNmxHJ`Q[T,5xo. The end-products comprise condensable gases such as water vapor, formic acid, acetic acid, furfural, methanol, lactic acid, phenol, and other oxygenates. 2, pp. In: Nussbaumer T (ed) Aerosols from biomass combustion. Furthermore, fluidized bed pyrolyzers have some established technologies in the market, such as RTP (Ensyn Inc.), and RTI (Dynamotive Corp.) along with many small scale reactors. 1, pp. Waste Manag 32:676684, Mosier NS et al (2005) Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bio-oils are the most preferred pyrolysis fuel types for transportation and storage purposes for obvious reasons such as compatibility with many existing equipments, pumping, and safety. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of algal biomass to bioenergy conversion were addressed. SOLAR THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS - ScienceDirect 101, no. Energy 35:54065411, Sippula O (2010) Fine particle formation and emissions in biomass combustion. 10371045, 2005. Combust Flame 24:263268, Brown RC (2006) Biorefineries based on hybrid thermochemical-biological processingan overview. However, pyrolysis gases can also be composed of volatile compounds in the absence of efficient condensation system. Direct combustion has excellent efficiency for heat utilization but requires advanced technology for the treatment of exhaust gases and secondary waste (e.g., ash) [1012]. A comprehensive discussion on different types, sources and compositions of biomass is presented. Report for IEA bioenergy agreement, Task33, Thermal gasification of biomass, Reed AR, Williams PT (2004) Thermal processing of biomass natural fiber wastes by pyrolysis. [21, 29, 33, 48, 49]. https://doi.org/10.1039/c.3ee43946e, Bonelli PR, Cerella EG, Cukierman AI (2003) Slow pyrolysis of nutshells: characterization of derived chars and of process kinetics. 1, pp. 8(6:00Yq*-82;9'ou ,ni@ D0ett 1@ZI]L Furthermore, bio-oils from specific wood biomass are used as starting raw materials for the production of high value food flavoring agents, likewise, bio-oils from waste/renewable biomass could be refined by modified processes by the existing petroleum refineries for the production of commercial grade fuels and some high-value chemicals [44]. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, D. H. Lee, D. T. Liang, and C. Zheng, Mechanism of palm oil waste pyrolysis in a packed bed, Energy and Fuels, vol. Biochemical Conversions Advantages And Disadvantages | Bartleby Fuel 87:24932501, Ahrenfelt J et al (2013) Biomass gasification cogenerationa review of state of the art technology and near future perspectives. International seminar, 27 June 2001, Zurich, Jurado F, Cano A, Carpio J (2004) Biomass based micro-turbine plant and distribution network stability. In contrast to bubbling fluidized bed reactors, these pyrolyzers have lower heat transfer but better char attrition due to higher gas velocities via recirculation/reflux. Energy Fuels 24:40874089, CrossRef 181246, 2002. 14071415, 1986. D. D. Warnock, J. Lehmann, T. W. Kuyper, and M. C. Rillig, Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soilconcepts and mechanisms, Plant and Soil, vol. 16, pp. The greenhouse gas emissions coming from the agricultural sector accounted for 8.6%, which is based upon the use of either fossil fuels or their products (e.g., fertilizers) in agriculture. In fact, no pilot scale auger pyrolyzer was mentioned in the literature until early 2000s [12]. It is composed of various gases such as CO2, CO, NOX, SOX, H2S, H2, aldehydes, ketones, volatile carboxylic acids, and gaseous hydrocarbons. Among the feedstocks used for thermochemical processes, algae are the promising biomass sources owing to their advantages over other feedstocks such as biomass productivity, renewability and sustainability. 96, no. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. A. Alburquerque, and R. Moral, Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. Sustainable valorization of algae biomass via thermochemical processing route: An overview. On the other hand, gasification and combustion have limited uses to heating and energy. B. P. Faulkner, R. J. Unterweger, and R. W. Hansen, Pyrolysis process for reclaiming desirable materials from vehicle tires. and What is Next, 2009, http://www.oil-price.net/. J. L. Gaunt and J. Lehmann, Energy balance and emissions associated with biochar sequestration and pyrolysis bioenergy production, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. http://w3.wtb.tue.nl/fileadmin/wtb/ct-pdfs/Master_Theses/Marcovandeweerdhof.pdf, White JE, Catallo WJ, Legendre BL (2011) Biomass pyrolysis kinetics: a comparative critical review with relevant agricultural residue case studies. The possible reasons for lack of commercial scale fixed bed pyrolysis reactors could be maintenance problems such as clogging of reactor bed with char and tar compounds, and increased resistance for sweeping gas flow, which could be easily resolved in the other reactor types mentioned in the following. Chem Eng J 91:87102, Bridgwater AV, Bridge SA (1991) A review of biomass pyrolysis and pyrolysis technologies. G. Carucci, F. Carrasco, K. Trifoni, M. Majone, and M. Beccari, Anaerobic digestion of food industry wastes: effect of codigestion on methane yield, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. Biochemical processes have the advantage of low processing temperatures and high selectivity of products generated. Furthermore, the production of biofuels from algal biomass was comprehensively articulated. Biomass Bioenerg 32:573581, Watanabe M, Lida T, Inomata H (2006) Decomposition of a long chain saturated fatty acid with some additives in hot compressed water. J Anal Appl Pyrol 46:1529, Prasad S et al (2007) Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues. 26:127, Weerdhof MW (2010) Modeling the pyrolysis process of biomass particles. J Anal Appl Pyrol 105:143150, Sutton D et al (2001) Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification. Aerosol Sci Technol 33:470489, Couhert C et al (2009a) Failure of the component additivity rule to predict gas yields of biomass in flash pyrolysis at 950C. The terms, torrefaction/carbonization, thermal liquefaction, and gasification can be separately used based upon operational parameters and intended applications. The energy requirements are met by char combustion and the process can be autonomous in terms of energy input for heating the pyrolyzer. The simple operation of auger pyrolyzer is also an advantage from a farm scale utilization/application point of view. Fuel Process Technol 20:2150, Knutsson P et al (2014) Effect of bed materials mixing on the observed bed sintering. In recent times, biochar is less preferred over bio-oil as fuel source due to handling, incompatibility with transportation sector (automobile engines), storage, and secondary pollutants issues (higher ash content) [37 39]. MeSH 2015 May;184:314-327. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.050. J Hazard Mater. 23, no. 41744181, 2009. B. C. Di Blasi, A. Galgano, and C. Branca, Influences of the chemical state of alkaline compounds and the nature of alkali metal on wood pyrolysis, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 3, pp. Gaunt and Lehmann [54], have reported energy balance and emission reduction potential of biochar in soil amendment application. Recirculating fluidized bed reactors are also referred as circulating fluidized bed or transport bed reactors which are more complex version of bubbling fluidized bed reactors (Figure 4). The catalysts hydrolyse the cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin macromolecules into smaller micellar-like fragments, which are further degraded to smaller compounds via dehydration, dehydrogenation, deoxygenation, and decarboxylation reactions. The concept of solids handling using auger is integrated to almost all industries due to energy, space requirements, and related efficiencies. Biomass Conversion Technologies III- Thermochemical Conversion I - Quizlet 168174, 2010. 80028007, 2008. More precisely, these are also known as bubbling fluidized bed reactors, where a hydrodynamically stable bed of smaller size biomass particles (0.52mm) is maintained using an inert fluidizing gas such as nitrogen (Figure 3). Serpil Guran . 131, no. Patra TK, Sheth PN (2018) Techno-economic assessment of thermochemical biomass conversion . This process has many upbeat features as mentioned by the company website. Ind Eng Chem Res 44:79457956, Basu P (2010) Gasification theory and modelling gasifiers. 95102, 2009. Intense animal farming puts substantial load on animal feed supply, which is dependent on crop/crop residue production. %PDF-1.3 % 18911897, 2007. 3, pp. 1, pp. The drying unit should utilize energy from the combustion of the pyrolysis gases and should be able to reduce moisture to 10% w/w. However, in most of the cases the quantity of biomass taken for pyrolysis was in the range of few grams (g) and were aimed at analytical and laboratory scale investigation. trailer 87, no. Nevertheless, the highly dynamic research environment of biomass fast pyrolysis required timely update about developments in fast pyrolysis reactors. Nevertheless, there is a great challenge for a farm producer to select the best option due to the infancy of these technologies, intended application (mainly, wood biomass at large scale) as well as a lack of a standard protocol/strategy for agricultural biomass management into bioenergy/biofuels. W. T. Tsai, J. H. Chang, K. J. Hsien, and Y. M. Chang, Production of pyrolytic liquids from industrial sewage sludges in an induction-heating reactor, Bioresource Technology, vol. Recent advances of thermochemical conversion processes for biorefinery. J Anal Appl Pyrol 101:177184, Christensen KA, Livbjerg H (2009) A plug flow model for chemical reactions and aerosol nucleation and growth in an alkali-containing flue gas. Some of the prerequisites for fast pyrolysis are dry biomass (10% moisture), small particle size (3mm), short residence times, moderate-to-high temperatures, and rapid quenching of pyrolyzed vapor. Biomass Bioenerg 25:435446, Jokiniemi JK, Lind T, Hokkinen J, Kurkela J, Kauppinen EI (2001) Modelling and experimental results on aerosol formation, deposition and emissions in fluidized bed combustion of biomass. D. Kalderis, S. Bethanis, P. Paraskeva, and E. Diamadopoulos, Production of activated carbon from bagasse and rice husk by a single-stage chemical activation method at low retention times, Bioresource Technology, vol. 17481753, 2009. 2, pp. Biofuels Production from Biomass by Thermochemical Conversion - Hindawi W. T. Tsai, M. K. Lee, and Y. M. Chang, Fast pyrolysis of rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell in an induction-heating reactor, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 136146, 2007. Keywords: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. A sweep gas velocity of 100mLmin1 was maintained with heating rate that was kept as high as 300C min1. Appl Catal 186:313, Searchinger T et al (2008) Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. 4652, 2010. V. Tihay and P. Gillard, Pyrolysis gases released during the thermal decomposition of three Mediterranean species, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 2, pp. United States Patent 6202577, 2001. A. Steve, 2008 Oil Recap. Therefore, the production technology for biochar is no hurdle, but dissemination of knowledge about practical utilization of biochar in agriculture and formulation of regulatory standards of its use and C emissions trading values remains to be established. [PDF] Biofuels Production from Biomass by Thermochemical Conversion However, in the recent years many studies have suggested biomass pyrolysis to be more favorable to the sustainable development in comparison to combustion and gasification. 0000008278 00000 n (PDF) Thermochemical conversion of biomass - ResearchGate Thermochemical conversion of biomass is considered as a key technology for greening fossil based energy and chemistry systems. 187196, 2009. 18, no. G. V. C. Peacocke and A. V. Bridgwater, Ablative plate pyrolysis of biomass for liquids, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.
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